詳細ガイド 近日公開
Loudness (LUFS) Calculatorの包括的な教育ガイドを準備中です。ステップバイステップの解説、数式、実例、専門家のヒントをお届けしますので、もうしばらくお待ちください。
The Loudness LUFS Calculator determines the integrated loudness of an audio program in LUFS (Loudness Units relative to Full Scale), and calculates how much gain adjustment is needed to meet the loudness normalization targets of major streaming platforms, broadcast standards, and podcast hosting services. LUFS (sometimes written as LKFS — Loudness, K-weighted, relative to Full Scale) is a perceptual loudness measurement unit developed as part of the ITU-R BS.1770 standard (International Telecommunication Union, Radiocommunication Sector), which uses A-weighting and K-frequency-weighting to model how human hearing perceives loudness across different frequencies. Prior to loudness normalization, the music industry engaged in the 'loudness war' — a competitive escalation of master loudness that produced heavily limited, dynamically compressed recordings where peaks constantly hovered near 0 dBFS. Streaming platforms implemented loudness normalization to resolve this: Spotify normalizes to -14 LUFS integrated, Apple Music to -16 LUFS, YouTube to -14 LUFS, Amazon Music to -14 LUFS, and Tidal to -14 LUFS. If a master is louder than the target, the platform turns it down to match; if it is quieter, most platforms leave it at its natural level (no upward normalization for most services). This means that making a master excessively loud by heavy limiting no longer gains a competitive advantage — the platform turns it down anyway, but the dynamic range damage from the limiting remains audible. The EBU R128 broadcast loudness standard targets -23 LUFS for European broadcast television. Understanding LUFS targets and how to measure them correctly is essential for any modern audio mastering workflow.
LUFS (Integrated) = Time-average of K-weighted power over the full program Loudness Range (LRA) = Statistical variation in loudness, measured in LU True Peak = Maximum reconstructed peak level between samples Gain Adjustment = Target LUFS - Current LUFS Max True Peak for Streaming: -1 dBTP
- 1Step 1: Measure your master's integrated LUFS using a LUFS meter (Youlean Loudness Meter, iZotope Insight, TC Electronic LM6, or any BS.1770-compliant meter).
- 2Step 2: Note the current Integrated LUFS, Loudness Range (LRA), and True Peak values.
- 3Step 3: Determine the target platform and its LUFS target (Spotify: -14, Apple: -16, YouTube: -14, Broadcast: -23 LUFS).
- 4Step 4: Calculate the required gain adjustment: Target - Current = Gain Change.
- 5Step 5: If adjustment is positive (master too quiet), simply apply the gain change.
- 6Step 6: If adjustment is negative (master too loud), the platform will turn it down — your dynamic range damage is already done. Consider reducing limiting in the mastering chain.
- 7Step 7: Ensure True Peak is -1 dBTP or lower for streaming delivery.
- 8Step 8: Re-measure after any adjustments.
A heavily limited -7 LUFS master provides no loudness advantage on Spotify — it is turned down to -14 LUFS automatically. The 7 dB of limiting damage (crushed dynamics, increased distortion) remains audible but provides no competitive benefit.
Spotify does not normalize upward — a -16 LUFS master plays at -16 LUFS on Spotify, sounding slightly quieter than -14 LUFS tracks on the same playlist. For pop context, targeting -14 LUFS is recommended.
Classical music legitimately uses wide dynamic range. At -21 LUFS, Apple Music's Sound Check normalization would boost by 5 dB. This is generally acceptable — the dynamic character of the recording is preserved, just at higher average volume.
Major podcast platforms (Apple Podcasts, Spotify for Podcasts) recommend -16 LUFS integrated loudness for speech. A -19 LUFS episode needs +3 dB of gain (or re-mastering with more compression) to hit the target.
Final loudness check before streaming distribution
Broadcast delivery preparation (EBU R128, ATSC A/85)
Podcast audio normalization and delivery
Film and TV audio post-production delivery
Comparing mix loudness across projects for consistency
Short-form Content (Reels, TikTok, Shorts)
TikTok, Instagram Reels, and YouTube Shorts normalize audio aggressively, often closer to -14 LUFS. Music used in short-form content should be mastered to streaming standard -14 LUFS, -1 dBTP for best results across these platforms.
Film and Game Audio
Film delivery (Netflix, Amazon Prime, theatrical) typically requires -27 LUFS (dialog-normalized) with -2 dBTP. Game audio uses similar standards but with additional real-time dynamic processing by game engines. These standards allow for dramatically more dynamic range than music streaming normalization targets.
When input values approach zero or become negative, the Loudness Lufs
When input values approach zero or become negative, the Loudness Lufs Calculator calculation may produce undefined or misleading results. Always validate that inputs fall within the model's valid range before interpreting outputs. Extreme values should be flagged for manual review.
| Platform | Integrated Target (LUFS) | Max True Peak (dBTP) | Upward Normalize? | Standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spotify | -14 LUFS | -1 dBTP | No | BS.1770-3 |
| Apple Music | -16 LUFS (Sound Check) | -1 dBTP | Yes (Sound Check) | BS.1770-3 |
| YouTube | -14 LUFS | -1 dBTP | No | BS.1770-3 |
| Amazon Music | -14 LUFS | -2 dBTP | No | BS.1770 |
| Tidal | -14 LUFS | -1 dBTP | No | BS.1770 |
| Deezer | -15 LUFS | -1 dBTP | No | BS.1770 |
| Apple Podcasts | -16 LUFS | -1 dBTP | No | BS.1770 |
| Netflix | -27 LUFS (dialog norm) | -2 dBTP | Yes | EBU R128 + custom |
| EBU Broadcast TV | -23 LUFS | -1 dBTP | Yes | EBU R128 |
| ATSC Broadcast (US) | -24 LUFS | -2 dBTP | Yes | ATSC A/85 |
What is the difference between LUFS and dBFS?
dBFS (decibels relative to Full Scale) is a level measurement for instantaneous signal amplitude — it measures a single sample's level or peak level. LUFS (Loudness Units relative to Full Scale) is a time-integrated perceptual loudness measurement that accounts for how human hearing perceives different frequencies over time. A song with peaks at -1 dBFS and a LUFS of -8 is extremely loud and compressed. A symphony with peaks at -1 dBFS and a LUFS of -23 has tremendous dynamic range. The dBFS peak tells you about clipping risk; the LUFS tells you about perceived loudness and streaming normalization behavior.
What is LRA (Loudness Range) and what are good values for different genres?
Loudness Range (LRA) is a statistical measure of the loudness variation within a program, expressed in Loudness Units (LU). It compares the short-term loudness of loud passages versus quiet passages using a gated, statistical method. For music, an LRA of 4–8 LU is typical for pop and rock (relatively consistent loudness). 8–14 LU is typical for indie, folk, and jazz (more dynamic variation). 14–20+ LU is typical for classical music, film scores, and highly dynamic music. A very high LRA (above 20 LU) may indicate inconsistent mastering or extreme dynamic range that causes normalization to pump noticeably on streaming platforms.
Should I master differently for each streaming platform?
Industry best practice is to master to the most transparent target and let platforms handle normalization. Mastering to -14 LUFS with a true peak of -1 dBTP satisfies Spotify, YouTube, Amazon, and Tidal simultaneously without platform-specific adjustments. Apple Music targets -16 LUFS — if mastering for Apple specifically, a -16 LUFS target preserves more dynamic range. Creating separate masters for each platform is an option (some mastering houses offer platform-optimized masters), but most artists and engineers find that a single well-mastered -14 LUFS, -1 dBTP master performs excellently across all platforms.
What is the EBU R128 broadcast standard?
EBU R128 (European Broadcasting Union Recommendation R 128) is the European broadcast loudness standard that mandates audio programs must target -23 LUFS integrated loudness with a maximum true peak of -1 dBTP and a loudness range within the appropriate genre guidelines. Adopted by European broadcasters in 2011, EBU R128 ended the loudness wars in broadcast TV by imposing normalization on all broadcast content. The ATSC A/85 standard in the United States and the ITU-R BS.1770 international standard set similar requirements. Film and game audio typically also targets EBU R128 or similar loudness-normalized delivery specifications.
What is a LUFS meter and what software do I need?
A LUFS meter is a loudness measurement tool that implements the BS.1770/LUFS algorithm, displaying Integrated LUFS, Momentary LUFS, Short-Term LUFS, Loudness Range (LRA), and True Peak measurements. Free and affordable options include: Youlean Loudness Meter (free, plugin and standalone), iZotope Insight (included in RX bundles), Nugen Audio VisLM, Waves WLM Plus, and TC Electronic LM6. Pro Tools and Logic Pro both have built-in loudness meters that support LUFS measurement. Every mastering engineer should have a BS.1770-compliant LUFS meter on the master bus as a final check before delivery.
Does making a master louder help it get more streams?
No, on platforms with loudness normalization. Since Spotify, Apple Music, YouTube, and Amazon all normalize loudness, a louder master sounds identical in volume to a properly mastered -14 LUFS release after normalization. The only effect of making masters excessively loud (below -10 LUFS) is damaging the dynamic range without gaining any competitive advantage. Research published in journals including the JAES has confirmed that listeners prefer more dynamic masters when volume is controlled, and that the heavy limiting characteristic of loudness-war-era masters reduces listener enjoyment.
What is the difference between integrated and short-term LUFS?
Integrated LUFS (LI) is the average loudness measured over the entire program duration, using BS.1770 gating that excludes periods of silence or very low-level content. This is the primary value used for streaming normalization. Short-term LUFS (LS) measures loudness over a 3-second sliding window and shows dynamic fluctuations through the program — a useful view of how loud each section of the song is. Momentary LUFS (LM) measures over a 400ms window, reflecting near-instantaneous loudness changes. When targeting streaming platforms, the Integrated LUFS number is what matters.
What is the LUFS target for podcast audio?
The podcast industry has converged on -16 LUFS integrated loudness as the standard target for speech-dominated content, based on Apple Podcasts' original recommendation. Many platforms including Spotify for Podcasters, Anchor, and Buzzsprout also recommend -16 LUFS. Some podcasters target -14 LUFS (more aggressive, matches music streaming targets), while others target -19 LUFS (closer to broadcast speech standards). The practical recommendation is -16 LUFS ± 1 LU integrated, with peaks no higher than -3 dBFS (true peak -1 dBTP for platform submission).
プロのヒント
Master to -14 LUFS integrated with -1 dBTP true peak for universal streaming compatibility. Prioritize preserving dynamic range (LRA above 6–8 LU for pop/rock) over loudness maximization — your masters will sound better on normalized platforms and represent the artist's music more faithfully.
ご存知でしたか？
The average integrated loudness of the top 10 Spotify songs in 2010 was approximately -8 to -10 LUFS — reflecting the height of the loudness wars. By 2020, average values had risen to approximately -12 to -14 LUFS as artists and engineers adapted to streaming normalization. The dynamic range of chart music has measurably improved since platform normalization was implemented.