Shabbat Candle Lighting
Note: These are approximate calculations for educational purposes.
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Shabbat (the Jewish Sabbath) begins every Friday at sunset and ends on Saturday night when three stars appear in the sky. One of the most beautiful and central rituals marking the transition into Shabbat is the lighting of Shabbat candles by the woman of the household (or any household member), accompanied by a blessing and a moment of private prayer. The Shabbat Candle Lighting Calculator determines the precise candle lighting time for any location in the world on any given Friday — typically 18 minutes before sunset, as ruled by the Talmud and codified in Jewish law. This 18-minute buffer (called 'tosefet Shabbat') ensures Shabbat is welcomed before sunset. Different communities vary: some light at 18 minutes before sunset (standard Ashkenazi practice), others at 20 minutes (some Sephardic communities), and some areas follow local custom (Yerushalayim/Jerusalem traditionally lights 40 minutes before sunset). According to Pew Research, 53% of all American Jews report lighting Shabbat candles, making it one of the most widely observed Jewish rituals — more universally practiced than synagogue attendance or keeping strictly kosher. The tradition of two candles represents the two commandments 'Zachor' (remember the Sabbath) and 'Shamor' (observe/guard the Sabbath) from the two versions of the Decalogue in Exodus and Deuteronomy. Many families add additional candles — one for each child — making the Shabbat table a visually growing symbol of family blessing. This calculator provides weekly candle lighting times, annual schedules, and holiday-specific Yom Tov lighting guidance.
Candle Lighting Time = Sunset Time − 18 minutes (standard Ashkenazi)
= Sunset Time − 40 minutes (Yerushalayim custom)
= Sunset Time − 20 minutes (some Sephardic communities)
Sunset Time is calculated using solar position algorithms (USNO or similar) for exact coordinates and date.
Example: New York City, Friday January 17, 2025:
Sunset = 4:55 PM EST
Candle Lighting = 4:55 PM − 18 min = 4:37 PM EST- 1Enter your city or geographic coordinates (latitude/longitude) to calculate location-specific sunset times.
- 2Select your community's candle lighting convention: 18 minutes (standard Ashkenazi), 20 minutes, or 40 minutes (Yerushalayim custom).
- 3Choose a date range: single week, month, or full year to generate a complete Shabbat candle lighting calendar.
- 4The calculator pulls accurate sunset data using astronomical algorithms and adjusts for Daylight Saving Time automatically.
- 5For Jewish holidays (Yom Tov), the calculator also provides candle lighting times — noting when holiday candles can only be lit after Shabbat or from an existing flame (lehavat eish to eish).
- 6Export the annual calendar as a PDF or calendar subscription for household use.
Winter Shabbatot in New York have early candle lighting times (4:15–4:45 PM range), requiring work flexibility or early Shabbat preparation.
Jerusalem follows a 40-minute early tradition, and summer Shabbatot in Israel begin later due to long daylight hours, giving families more preparation time.
Long summer days in London create very late Shabbat candle lighting times (9 PM+), making traditional early Friday-night dinner timing challenging.
An annual calendar view shows the dramatic range of Shabbat times across seasons, helping families plan weekly routines year-round.
Determining weekly Shabbat candle lighting times for any city worldwide, representing an important application area for the Shabbat Candle Lighting in professional and analytical contexts where accurate shabbat candle lighting calculations directly support informed decision-making, strategic planning, and performance optimization
Generating annual Shabbat and holiday candle lighting calendars for home or synagogue distribution, representing an important application area for the Shabbat Candle Lighting in professional and analytical contexts where accurate shabbat candle lighting calculations directly support informed decision-making, strategic planning, and performance optimization
Planning travel itineraries around Shabbat observance requirements, representing an important application area for the Shabbat Candle Lighting in professional and analytical contexts where accurate shabbat candle lighting calculations directly support informed decision-making, strategic planning, and performance optimization
Providing candle lighting times for Jewish communal apps, websites, and publications, representing an important application area for the Shabbat Candle Lighting in professional and analytical contexts where accurate shabbat candle lighting calculations directly support informed decision-making, strategic planning, and performance optimization
In polar regions where the sun may not set at all in summer (above Arctic
In polar regions where the sun may not set at all in summer (above Arctic Circle), halachic authorities use calculated or fixed sunset times from nearby cities — consult a local rabbi or use Chabad.org's zmanim tools for polar locations.. In the Shabbat Candle Lighting, this scenario requires additional caution when interpreting shabbat candle lighting results. The standard formula may not fully account for all factors present in this edge case, and supplementary analysis or expert consultation may be warranted. Professional best practice involves documenting assumptions, running sensitivity analyses, and cross-referencing results with alternative methods when shabbat candle lighting calculations fall into non-standard territory.
When Shabbat falls immediately after a Jewish holiday (Yom Tov), candle
When Shabbat falls immediately after a Jewish holiday (Yom Tov), candle lighting for Shabbat must be done from an existing flame (not from scratch), a halachic nuance particularly important on holiday-Shabbat transitions.. In the Shabbat Candle Lighting, this scenario requires additional caution when interpreting shabbat candle lighting results. The standard formula may not fully account for all factors present in this edge case, and supplementary analysis or expert consultation may be warranted. Professional best practice involves documenting assumptions, running sensitivity analyses, and cross-referencing results with alternative methods when shabbat candle lighting calculations fall into non-standard territory.
Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and other Yamim Tovim (Jewish holidays) have their
Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and other Yamim Tovim (Jewish holidays) have their own candle lighting times and blessings that differ from weekly Shabbat — the holiday blessing replaces or supplements the Shabbat blessing.. In the Shabbat Candle Lighting, this scenario requires additional caution when interpreting shabbat candle lighting results. The standard formula may not fully account for all factors present in this edge case, and supplementary analysis or expert consultation may be warranted. Professional best practice involves documenting assumptions, running sensitivity analyses, and cross-referencing results with alternative methods when shabbat candle lighting calculations fall into non-standard territory.
| City | Jan Candle Lighting | June Candle Lighting | Custom (Offset) | Timezone |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York, USA | 4:20 PM EST | 7:55 PM EDT | 18 min before sunset | EST/EDT |
| Jerusalem, Israel | 4:05 PM IST | 6:52 PM IDT | 40 min before sunset | IST/IDT |
| London, UK | 3:45 PM GMT | 9:04 PM BST | 18 min before sunset | GMT/BST |
| Los Angeles, USA | 4:40 PM PST | 7:45 PM PDT | 18 min before sunset | PST/PDT |
| Toronto, Canada | 4:18 PM EST | 8:03 PM EDT | 18 min before sunset | EST/EDT |
| Melbourne, Australia | 8:05 PM AEST (summer) | 5:05 PM AEST (winter) | 18 min before sunset | AEST |
What time do I light Shabbat candles?
Shabbat candles are lit 18 minutes before sunset (standard Ashkenazi practice). The exact time varies by city and date. Use a Jewish calendar app or website (Chabad.org, MyZmanim.com, or Hebcal.com) to find your specific local time. In Jerusalem, the custom is 40 minutes before sunset. This is particularly important in the context of shabbat candle lighting calculations, where accuracy directly impacts decision-making. Professionals across multiple industries rely on precise shabbat candle lighting computations to validate assumptions, optimize processes, and ensure compliance with applicable standards. Understanding the underlying methodology helps users interpret results correctly and identify when additional analysis may be warranted.
How many Shabbat candles should I light?
The minimum is two candles (representing 'Zachor' and 'Shamor'). Many families light additional candles for each child — a beautiful tradition that visually expands the Shabbat light with each new family member. Some women who forgot to light candles light an extra candle every week for the rest of their lives as a reminder.
Can a man light Shabbat candles?
Yes — while traditionally performed by the woman of the household, any Jewish person can light Shabbat candles. If a woman is unable to light (traveling, hospitalized), her husband or any adult Jewish household member can fulfill the mitzvah. In households without women, the man should light. The blessing and ceremony are the same.
Can I use electric lights instead of candles for Shabbat?
This is debated among halachic authorities. Many poskim (legal decisors) hold that electric lights can fulfill the Shabbat lighting obligation b'diavad (after the fact), particularly in safety situations. However, the preferred practice is actual candles (or at minimum, olive oil lamps), as the flame is central to the mitzvah's beauty and symbolism.
What is the Shabbat candle blessing?
The blessing is: 'Baruch Atah Adonai Eloheinu Melech haolam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Shabbat.' (Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Shabbat candles.) The blessing is said after lighting (covering the eyes), unlike most blessings said before the act.
What if I miss Shabbat candle lighting?
Once Shabbat has begun (at sunset), candles cannot be lit. This is a time-bound mitzvah with a specific window. The custom of lighting an extra candle permanently is a reminder of missed lightings. Missing candle lighting does not invalidate the Shabbat — the Shabbat begins at sunset regardless. This is particularly important in the context of shabbat candle lighting calculations, where accuracy directly impacts decision-making. Professionals across multiple industries rely on precise shabbat candle lighting computations to validate assumptions, optimize processes, and ensure compliance with applicable standards. Understanding the underlying methodology helps users interpret results correctly and identify when additional analysis may be warranted.
How do Shabbat candle lighting times differ from place to place?
Candle lighting time depends entirely on the local sunset time, which varies dramatically by latitude, season, and longitude within a timezone. Two cities in the same state can have different candle lighting times by 10–20 minutes. Always use a location-specific Jewish calendar rather than a generic time. This is particularly important in the context of shabbat candle lighting calculations, where accuracy directly impacts decision-making. Professionals across multiple industries rely on precise shabbat candle lighting computations to validate assumptions, optimize processes, and ensure compliance with applicable standards. Understanding the underlying methodology helps users interpret results correctly and identify when additional analysis may be warranted.
Pro Tips
Add a recurring weekly phone alarm for 30 minutes before your local candle lighting time with the label 'Shabbat Prep.' This gives you time to finish cooking, set the table, shower, and dress before lighting — making the Shabbat transition peaceful rather than rushed. Many Jewish families find this simple practice transforms the quality of their Shabbat experience.
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The Talmud (Shabbat 23b) discusses the mitzvah of Shabbat candles at length, noting that the 'peace of the home' (shalom bayit) is one of the primary reasons for the obligation — that families should have light rather than sit in darkness on Shabbat. This emphasis on domestic harmony as a driving value of Jewish law is remarkable and timeless.